Queen Cleopatra VII, known as Cleopatra "which in Greek means the glory of her father", is the last king of the Macedonian family, born in the year 69 BC, who ruled Egypt from the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, until the occupation of Egypt by Rome in 30 BC B.C. Cleopatra was the daughter of Ptolemy XII, and she succeeded him as queen in the year 51 BC. M shared the throne with her brother Ptolemy XIII, until the year forty-seven BC, then ruled with her brother Ptolemy XIV until the year forty-four BC, then ruled with her son Ptolemy. Caesar until the year thirty BC, as this coincided with the fall of Egypt under the control of the Romans after the defeat of the joint forces of Cleopatra and Antonio against the Roman armies of Octavian.
Cleopatra is the only one among the Ptolemaic family who took it upon herself to learn the Egyptian language at the time, and imitated the goddess Isis and claimed that she embodies her life on earth. She even called herself "the new Isis", which reflects the extent of her political intelligence and seriousness in ruling Egypt successfully.
Cleopatra was a talented queen, she spoke several languages, commanded armies at the age of twenty-one, and was educated at the beacon of science in her time, Alexandria. She worked to restore the glories of her ruling family, and was able to establish stability and peace in the country during her reign, and to combat corruption. She was also attested to opening granaries to her people during the period of famine and raising taxes on them. At that time, Egypt was a prosperous country, under the rule of a queen whose sex the people did not see as a defect, so what preoccupied him was her good management of the country. Cleopatra tried to draw inspiration from Alexander the Great's dream of establishing an empire that would bring together the civilizations of the ancient world, and she believed in the ability of the Egyptians to make that glory, so she loved this people.
The rule of eighteen-year-old Cleopatra, and her brother Ptolemy XIII, began when her father, Ptolemy XII, died in the year fifty-one BC, her brother Ptolemy XIII expelled her from Alexandria in the year forty-nine BC as a result of the instigations of his advisors, where Cleopatra fled to Syria There, she formed an army of mercenaries to retrieve the stolen throne.
Cleopatra returned to Egypt in the forty-eighth BC to confront her brother Ptolemy XIII on the eastern border of Egypt in Pelusium, to coincide with the escape of Commander Pompey from Rome to Egypt as a result of a civil war between him and Caesar, before he was assassinated by Ptolemy XIII the moment he arrived to Egypt, It is reported that Cleopatra prepared herself in the forty-seventh BC to meet Caesar, who arrived in Egypt to help her solve her case with her brother, as she was able to reach the palace by smuggling herself inside a carpet to reach Caesar's bedroom. When Ptolemy XIII felt the danger of Caesar and his fear of being eliminated after he saw him with Cleopatra, he joined his younger sister Arsinoe, who was exiled to Rome in the forty-seventh BC after Caesar achieved a great victory against Ptolemy XIII in the Battle of the Nile.
Which resulted in the restoration of the throne to Cleopatra and her younger brother, Ptolemy XIV. In the forty-sixth year BC, Cleopatra gave birth to a son, whom she called Ptolemy Caesar. The Egyptian people knew him as Caesarion or Little Caesar, as they believed that he was Caesar's child. A year after Caesar's return to Rome, he invited Cleopatra to visit him, and she arrived at him in the fall of forty-six BC, with her young brother and husband - according to Ptolemaic customs - Ptolemy XIV, and her son Caesarion.
Caesar celebrated his victories in September of this year; Parade through the streets of Rome followed by his prisoners, and among these prisoners was Cleopatra's sister, Arsinoe, who was previously exiled, where Caesar released her to her later death at the hands of Mark Antony at Cleopatra's request. Cleopatra lived near Rome for about two years in a villa for Caesar, during which she received many titles and gifts, in addition to her statue that Caesar erected in the temple of Venus Genetrix to glorify her. Married to a woman named Calpurnia.
There was news that Caesar was thinking of passing a law allowing him to marry Cleopatra and make their two sons heirs to his rule, and rumors spread that Caesar was planning to become king of Rome, and in the year forty-four BC, during a meeting of the Senate, a large group of conspirators surrounded Caesar and stabbed him until he died. Cleopatra said that she was in inevitable danger, which prompted her to leave Rome with her entourage to Egypt, and after her return, her brother Ptolemy XIV died, or perhaps he was poisoned by her order to make her son Caesarion a partner in the ruling later.
Caesar's allies - Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus - achieved another victory in their series of struggles with Caesar's killers - Cassius and Brutus - as both sides of the conflict resorted to requesting support and supplies from Cleopatra in Egypt, which prompted her to send four Roman legions of Caesar who were stationed in Egypt to support His previous victories, and that was the year 42 BC, which contributed to the defeat of the forces of Cassius and Brutus in the battles of Philippi at the hands of Octavian and Mark Antony, who after this victory divided the power in Rome between them.
After the victory achieved by Mark Antony in Rome, he summoned Cleopatra to the Sicilian city in Tarsus, so Cleopatra sailed in an elaborate ship, she wore a dress of Isis, and despite Antony's association with the Greek god Dionysus, he was mesmerized by Cleopatra's magic and agreed to protect Egypt from the threat of her younger sister Arsinoe exiled her and removed her from the throne of Cleopatra, and Antonio was not satisfied with that, but even led him to follow Cleopatra to Egypt shortly after her return, leaving behind his family consisting of his children and his third wife Fulvia in Rome.
After Antony’s return to Rome in forty BC, Cleopatra gave birth to twins, Cleopatra Selene, who was called the moon, and Alexander Helios, who was called the sun. Later, Cleopatra gave birth to another son from Antony, whom she named Ptolemy Philadelphus. After Antony’s humiliating defeat against the Kingdom of Parthia, he returned to Cleopatra in Egypt, refusing to His wife Octavia's efforts to join him.
In the year thirty-four BC, during the celebration held under the name of the Donations of Alexandria, Antony announced that Caesarion; Caesar's son is the legitimate heir to the rule and not Octavian, Caesar's adopted son, which led to a war between him and the angry Octavian, which resulted in Octavian declaring war on Cleopatra in conjunction with the Roman Senate's decision to strip Antony of all his titles.
Antony's suicide ended after the defeat that Octavius inflicted on him in the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. When Cleopatra heard the news, she also committed suicide.
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