Ali Mostafa Mosharafa Pasha (July 11, 1898 – January 15, 1950) was an Egyptian theoretical physicist. Born in Damietta. He is called the Arab Einstein because his research was in the same field and the same topics that Albert Einstein's research was about. He graduated from Teachers High School in 1917, and obtained a Doctor of Philosophy of Science from the University of London in 1923, then he was the first Egyptian to obtain a Doctor of Science degree from England from the University of London in 1924. He was appointed as a professor of mathematics at the Teachers High School and then for Applied Mathematics at the College of Science in 1926. He was awarded the title of Professor by Cairo University when he was under thirty years old. In 1936, he was elected dean of the Faculty of Science, thus becoming the first Egyptian dean for it. He received the title of Al-Bashawi from King Farouk. A group of the most famous scholars of Egypt, including Samira Moussa, studied at his hands.
His upbringing and learning
Ali Mustafa Mosharafa Pasha.
Ali Mustafa Musharrafa was born on July 11, 1898 in the city of Damietta, Egypt. And he has followers and admirers of His Highness (the owner of the fifth doctrine).
He received his first lessons at the hands of his mother and then at the “Ahmed Al-Ketbi” school. He was always among the first to study, but his childhood was devoid of all its joys. Where he says about it:
“I was dying as a child to be at the front, so my childhood was devoid of all joy. And I learned at that age that playing is a waste of time (as his mother used to say), I learned dignity and stillness at the age of play and fun, even running I considered it a departure from dignity.”
His father died on January 8, 1910. After losing his fortune in cotton speculation in 1907, he lost his land, money, and even his home. With the death of the father, the son of Ali, who was not yet twelve years old, became the dean of his family, which consisted of his mother and brothers Nafisa, Mustafa, Attia, and Hassan. The family moved to Cairo with their maternal grandmother, where they rented an apartment in the Mohi Bek neighborhood of Abdeen.
While Ali joined the Abbasiya Secondary School in Alexandria, where he spent a year in the free boarding department; Then he moved to Saidia School in Cairo, also free of charge for his academic excellence, from which he obtained the first section of the secondary certificate (efficiency) in 1912, and the second section (baccalaureate) in 1914, and he was ranked second on the whole Egyptian country and he is sixteen years old, which is A unique event in the world of education in Egypt at that time, and this superiority (especially in scientific subjects) qualified him to enroll in any higher school of his choice, such as medicine or engineering, but he preferred to join the Higher Teachers’ House, where he graduated after three years in first place, so the Ministry of Education chose him The general public to a scientific mission to Britain at its expense.
Higher education outside Egypt
A new phase of his scientific career began with his affiliation in the fall of 1917 to the English University of Nottingham, from which he obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics within three years instead of four. During the outbreak of the 1919 revolution led by Saad Zaghloul, Ali Mosharafa wrote to his friend Mahmoud Fahmi Al-Naqrashi (one of the leaders of the revolution) telling him of his desire to return to Egypt to participate in the revolution, and Noqrashi's answer was:
“We need you as a scholar more than we need you as a revolutionary. Complete your studies and you can serve Egypt in the universities of England more than you serve it in the streets of Egypt.”
His result drew the attention of his professors who suggested to the Egyptian Ministry of Education that his supervisor continue his studies of science at the University of London, so he responded to their request, and in 1920 he joined the Royal College (King’s College London), and in 1923 he obtained a doctorate in the philosophy of science under the supervision of the famous physicist Charles Thomas Wilson Recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1927. Then, in 1924, he received an honorary doctorate of science from the University of London, the highest scientific degree in the world that only 11 scientists were able to obtain at that time.
academic job
He returned to Egypt by order of the Ministry of Education, and was appointed as a mathematics teacher at the Higher Teachers College, then when he obtained a doctorate in science from England; He was the first Egyptian to obtain it, and when Cairo University was opened in 1925, he worked as an associate professor of applied mathematics at the Faculty of Science because he was under the age of 30, which is the minimum age required to achieve the position of a professor. On giving him the title without the age of thirty.
his research
His research began to take its place in scientific journals and he was not more than 25 years old, when his first two papers were published in 1922, the two researches for which he obtained a doctorate in philosophy of science. In 1923, Mosharafa did 7 researches on the application of the assumptions and rules of quantum mechanics to the Zeeman effect and the Stark effect, and through those researches he obtained a doctorate of science, and in 1932 he published a paper entitled "Can radiation and matter be considered two images of one cosmic state?" Which he proved in his research.
His writings
Dr. Mosharafa was a believer in the importance of the role of science in the progress of nations, and that it was spread among all sects of the people; Even if they did not specialize in it, so his interest was focused on developing books that summarize and explain the principles of these complex sciences to the simple ordinary citizen, in order to be able to understand and debate them like any other topics, and he was constantly mentioning this in the introductions to his books, which explained the complex scientific puzzles simply And clarity so that all people understand it, even non-specialists. Among his most important books were the following:
Scientific and Theoretical Mechanics (1937).
Descriptive Geometry (1937).
Scientific Readings (1943).
Special Theory of Relativity (1943).
Planar and Stereoscopic Geometry (1944).
Planar Trigonometry (1944).
The Atom and the Atomic Bombs (1945).
We and the Science (1945).
Science and Life (1946).
Geometry and Trigonometry (1947).
his disciples
Among his students were: Fahmy Ibrahim Mikhail, Mohamed Morsi Ahmed, Attia Ashour, Afaf Sabry, Samira Moussa, and Mahmoud El-Sherbiny.
scientific papers
On the emergence of asymmetric components in the Starck effect (Philosophical Journal, No. 43, p. 943) - 1922.
On Stark's Effect on Strong Electric Fields (Philosophical Journal, No. 44, p. 371) - 1922.
On the quantum theory of the complex Zeeman effect (Philosophical Journal, No. 46, p. 177) - 1923.
On the second approximation of quantum theory to the simple Zeeman effect (Philosophical Journal, No. 46, p. 514) - 1923.
Starck's Effect on Strong Fields (The Philosophical Journal, No. 46, p. 751) - 1923.
On the Quantum Theory of the Simple Zeeman Effect (Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 102, p. 529) – 1930.
On the Quantum Dynamics of Damaged Systems (Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 107, p. 237) – 1925.
The Quantitative Explanation of Zeeman's Trilogy (Nature, No. 199, p. 96, No. 2907, July 18) – 1925.
Lorentz electron motion as a wave phenomenon (Nature, No. 124, p. 726, No. 3132, November 9) – 1929.
Physical and Radiative Waves (Proceedings of the Royal Society, No. 131, p. 335) – 1931.
Can matter and radiation be two sides of the same world or state? (Zurich, Switzerland) in 1932.
Some insights into the relationship between matter and radiation.
Music Styles in Modern Egypt (Nature, No. 135, pp. 54-549) – 1937.
Wave Surfaces Associated with World Lines (Proceedings of the Mathematical Physical Society of Egypt, No. 2, No. 2) - 1943.
Maxwell's equations and the changing speeds of light (Proceedings of the Mathematical Physical Society of Egypt, No. 1, No. 1) - 1937.
On a positive scale specified in the special theory of relativity (Proceedings of the Mathematical Physical Society in Egypt, No. 2, No. 4) - 1944.
Egyptian Academy of Sciences (Nature, No. 157, p. 573, No. 3992, May) - 1946.
Conic Transformations (Proceedings of the Mathematical Physical Society of Egypt, No. 2, No. 3) - 1944
The principle of indeterminacy and the structure of world lines (Proceedings of the Mathematical Physical Society of Egypt, No. 2, No. 1) - 1944.
Nuclear Power Mass Deficit Curves (Nature, Issue 164, October 15) – 1949.
Scientific Achievements
In the 1920s and 1930s, Mosharafa studied Maxwell's equations and special relativity, and had a correspondence with Albert Einstein. Mosharafa published 25 original scientific papers in prestigious scientific journals, the topics of these papers revolved around the theory of relativity and the relationship between radiation and matter. Mosharafa has also published 12 scientific books on relativity and mathematics. His books on the theory of relativity have been translated into English, French, German and Polish. Mosharafa has also translated 10 books on astronomy and mathematics into Arabic. Mosharafa was interested in the history of science, especially the study of the contributions of medieval Arab scholars. Together with his student Muhammad Morsi Ahmad, he published Al-Khwarizmi's book, The Mukhtasar fi Calculation of Algebra and Muqabala. He was also interested in the relationship between music and mathematics, and helped found the Egyptian Association of Music Lovers in 1945.
social and political visions
Mosharafa was one of the first to call for social reform and development based on scientific research. He was passionate about spreading scientific awareness to the public, and wrote many articles and books about science in a simple way. He also encouraged translation movements into the Arabic language. Mosharafa contributed to writing an Arab scientific encyclopedia, and wrote on the Arab scientific heritage as well. He was honorable against the use of atomic energy in wars, and warned against exploiting science and using it as a means of destruction.
his death
He died on January 15, 1950 of a heart attack, and there is doubt as to how he died; It is believed that he died of poisoning or that one of King Farouk's delegates was behind his death, and it is also believed that it was one of the operations of the Israeli Mossad. But Dr. Ali Mustafa Musharafa's book: A Wealth the World Has Lost, written by his brother, Dr. Attia Musharafa, completely denies these allegations and confirms that he died in his bed.
honor him
In his honour, the UK government has established a PhD scholarship under the name of the Newton-Mosharafa PhD Scholarship in the UK.
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