Narmer

 Narmer was one of the kings of the Old Kingdom in the era of the early dynasties of Egypt, the 31st century BC, (ruled between 3273 - 2987 BC) was an ancient Egyptian king from the early dynastic era. He was the successor of King Ka belonging to the third Naqada civilization and some historians consider him the successor of King Aqrab from the pre-dynastic era. Some consider him the unifier of Egypt and the founder of the First Dynasty, and thus the first king of a united Egypt. Most Egyptologists believe that King Narmer and Mina are the same person.

Both sides of the plate Narmer

The name Narmer is phonetically represented by the hieroglyphic symbols "Naar", which means catfish, and "Mer", which means hammer (or hammer). And those symbols can also be pronounced as follows: "Narmar" or "Mrunar",        but the custom was to pronounce "Narmer".       The name means: angry catfish.

His most important works

He succeeded in achieving unity between the two countries (Bahri and tribal)-

He established the city of Memphis between the Delta and Upper Egypt to secure                                the unity of the country

He established the first central government in history-

Securing independence-

Custody

James Edward's discovery of Narmer's painting in 1988 in Hierakonpolis, showing Narmer with the emblems of both Upper and Lower Egypt, led to the belief that it was a unifier. Since the tablet was discovered, it has been debated whether it represented a historical event or was purely symbolic. In 1993, Gunther Dreyer discovered in Abydos the Narmer Year sign depicting the same event on the Narmer Palette, which clearly shows that it depicts an actual historical event.

Egyptologists have a prevailing consensus that Narmer is Mina, but he is by no means comprehensive. This has repercussions for the agreed upon history of ancient Egypt. Some Egyptologists believe that Mina is the same as Hor Aha and that he actually inherited the unified Egypt Narmer; Others believe that Narmer started the process of unification, but he either did not succeed or succeeded only partially, leaving Mina to complete it. Arguments show that Narmer is Mina because of his appearance on a clay seal found at Abydos in conjunction with a hieroglyphic game table "Men", which seems to be a contemporary record of an otherwise legendary king.

Another possible theory is that Narmer was a pharaoh who immediately followed the pharaoh who was unable to unify Egypt (perhaps King Aqrab whose name was found in a funnel also discovered at Hierakonpolis), except that he adopted the symbols of monotheism that were already used, perhaps in one generation. Two clay tombs listing the kings recently found in the tombs of Den and Qaa (both at Abydos) show Narmer as the founder of the First Dynasty, followed by Hor Aha. It appears in the bottom seal of all eight pharaohs of the First Dynasty in correct sequence beginning with Narmer. Mena is not mentioned on any king list because at that time the name usually used on antiquities was Horus, while Mena was a personal name.

His wife, Nebethhotep (literally: "Nith convinced"), is believed to be a princess from Lower Egypt. Inscriptions bearing her name were found in the tombs of Hor Aha and Jar, which means that she was the mother of Hor Aha.

Cemetery and antiques

Narmer's tomb consists of two chambers (B17 and B18)    in the Umm al-Qaab area of ​​Abydos, located near the    tomb of the preceding pharaoh Ka. The period of the pharaoh Narmer is documented throughout Egypt and southern Canaan. In Egypt, 12 sites were found containing antiquities belonging to Pharaoh Narmer,of which three are found in Upper Egypt (Naqada, Abydos, and Hierakonpolis), seven in Lower Egypt (Manshiet Abu Omar, Tell Ibrahim Awad, Tarkhan, Zawiya Al-Arian, Helwan, Tora and Kafr Hassan Daoud),and one each in the desert. Eastern (Wadi Al-Gash)  and Western Desert (Kharga Oasis).

During Narmer's reign, Egypt had an active economic presence in southern Canaan. Pottery sherds have been discovered in many sites, both from pots made in Egypt and imported into Canaan and others made according to the Egyptian style but without the local materials. This latter discovery led to the conclusion that the Egyptian presence in Canaan was colonial and not merely the result of trade. While the Egyptian presence in Canaan was explained as a result of a military conquest, this view was not generally accepted. The fortifications at Tell al-Sakan date from this period and the Egyptian construction style indicates a military presence, if not a military conquest.

The extent of Egyptian activity in southern Canaan is shown by the discovery of 33 serukhs on pottery sherds at sites in Canaan, which date from the pre-dynastic period to the beginning of the First Dynasty. Thirteen of them belong to the pharaoh Narmer, and came from six different locations: Tel Arad, Ein Habsor, Tel Al-Sakan and Lod. One of the additional seras is attributed to Pharaoh Ka, and only one to Hor Aha. The rest of the Asrak either bears any name or has a name on it that does not belong to any known pharaoh.

During the summer of 1994, an excavation expedition discovered in Nahal Tilah, southern Israel, pottery sherds inscribed with a sarcophagus belonging to King Narmer. Sheds were found on a large circular platform, probably the foundations of a storage silo on the balcony of Haifa. Dating back to about 3000 BC, studies on the shaqf have concluded that it is part of a jar of wine that was imported from the Nile Valley into the land of Canaan.

After about 200 years of active Egyptian presence in Canaan, which reached its peak during Narmer's reign, it quickly declined after that.